1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in column ‘B’ and explain their impact on the environment.

1. Harmful waste – c. Radioactive material
   Impact: Causes long-term radiation damage to living organisms and contaminates air, water, and soil for thousands of years.
2. Domestic waste – d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
   Impact: Can cause foul smell, spread diseases if not disposed of properly, but can be converted into compost.
3. Biomedical waste – e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
   Impact: Highly infectious; can spread diseases like HIV, hepatitis; needs incineration and safe disposal.
4. Industrial waste – b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
   Impact: Pollutes water bodies and soil; harmful chemicals can enter the food chain and affect health.
5. Urban waste – a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
   Impact: Non-biodegradable waste like plastic and rubber causes land pollution and chokes drainage systems.

2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements.
(Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is climate.
Justification: Climate determines the type of vegetation, animal life, and ecosystems in a region over the long term.

b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is weather.
Justification: Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, rainfall, and wind on a daily basis.

c. Perspective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about geographic favourability.
Justification: Geographic factors like terrain, water availability, and soil type influence where and how civilizations develop.

d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called observatory.
Justification: Observatories are equipped with instruments to record and study weather and climatic data systematically.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?

• Ensure safety of the rescuer and victim
• Check breathing and pulse; perform CPR if needed
• Stop bleeding by applying pressure
• Immobilize fractures
• Treat for shock—keep the person warm and elevate legs
• Avoid moving the victim unnecessarily
• Seek medical help as soon as possible

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.

• Segregation into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste
• Composting and vermicomposting
• Recycling of paper, plastic, glass, and metal
• Waste-to-energy plants
• Biogas production from organic waste
• Safe incineration of biomedical waste

c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.

• Weather forecasts help predict disasters like cyclones, floods, and storms.
• Example: Early warning of a cyclone allows evacuation of people from coastal areas, saving lives and property.

d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.

• E-waste contains toxic metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can leach into soil and water.
• Burning e-waste releases harmful gases.
• It poses health risks such as respiratory diseases and poisoning.
  Opinion: E-waste is a growing environmental and health hazard; proper recycling and strict laws are needed.

e. How will you register your individual participation in solid waste management?

• By practicing waste segregation at home
• Reducing plastic use
• Composting kitchen waste
• Participating in local cleanliness drives
• Spreading awareness in the community

4. Write notes.

• Meteorology: The scientific study of the atmosphere, weather, and climate, including forecasting.
• Climatic factors: Elements like temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind, and sunlight that define a region’s climate.
• Monsoon model: A system used to predict monsoon patterns based on atmospheric and oceanic data.
• Industrial waste: Waste from industries including chemicals, metals, and sludge; often toxic and polluting.
• Plastic waste: Non-biodegradable waste that causes land and water pollution; harms animals and ecosystems.
• Principles of first aid: Preserve life, prevent condition from worsening, promote recovery, and ensure safety.

5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.

• Polar bears have thick fur and fat to survive in cold climates.
• Cacti store water in stems to survive in deserts.
• Monsoon regions have deciduous forests where trees shed leaves in dry seasons.
• Migration of birds is timed according to seasonal climate changes for breeding and feeding.

6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.

• Use a stretcher for unconscious or seriously injured patients.
• Support the neck and spine in case of suspected spinal injury.
• Keep the body in a comfortable and stable position.
• Example: A fracture patient should be transported with the injured part immobilized to avoid further damage.

7. Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate

• Weather is short-term atmospheric condition (e.g., today’s rain).
• Climate is long-term average weather pattern of a region (e.g., desert climate).

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste

• Degradable waste decomposes naturally (e.g., vegetable peels).
• Non-degradable waste does not decompose naturally (e.g., plastic, glass).