1. Each of the following statements is wrong. Rewrite them correctly by changing either one or two words.
1. Correct the given statements:
a. False – Simple squamous epithelium is present in the lining of blood vessels and alveoli in the lungs, not throughout the respiratory tract.
b. False – Glandular epithelium is found in glands, not in the kidneys. The kidney contains cuboidal epithelium.
c. False – Chlorenchyma contains chloroplasts and helps in photosynthesis, but it does not help the plant float in water. Aerenchyma helps plants float.
d. False – Striated muscles are also called voluntary muscles, not involuntary.
e. True – Chloroplast is present in permanent tissues like parenchyma (chlorenchyma) in plants.
2. Identify the odd word and explain why it is odd.
a. Xylem, phloem, permanent tissue, meristematic tissue.
b. Epithelium, Muscle fibre, nerve fibre, the epidermis.
c. Cartilage, bone, tendon, cardiac muscle.
a. Odd word: Permanent tissue – Xylem, phloem, and meristematic tissue are specific plant tissues, whereas permanent tissue is a general category.
b. Odd word: Epidermis – Epithelium, muscle fiber, and nerve fiber are animal tissues, while the epidermis is a plant tissue.
c. Odd word: Cardiac muscle – Cartilage, bone, and tendon are connective tissues, but cardiac muscle is a muscular tissue.
3. Write the names of the following tissues.
a. Tissue lining inner surface of mouth.
b. Tissue joining muscles and bones.
c. Tissue responsible for increasing height of plants.
d. Tissue responsible for increasing girth of stem.
a. Tissue lining the inner surface of the mouth – Squamous epithelium
b. Tissue joining muscles and bones – Tendon
c. Tissue responsible for increasing the height of plants – Apical meristematic tissue
d. Tissue responsible for increasing the girth of the stem – Lateral meristematic tissue (Cambium)
4. Write the differences.
Simple tissue and complex tissues in plants.
| Simple Tissue | Complex Tissue | |
| Made of only one type of cell | Made of more than one type of cell | |
| Provides support, storage, and protection | Helps in the transport of water, nutrients, and food | |
| Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma | Xylem and Phloem | |
| Found in all parts of plants | Mainly found in vascular bundles |
5. Write short notes.
a. Meristematic tissue.
b. Xylem
c. Striated muscles.
d. Agro-complementary business.
e. Genetic engineering
f. Sericulture
5. Write short notes:
a. Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissue is responsible for the growth of plants. It contains actively dividing cells. It is found in the root tips, shoot tips, and cambium layer. There are three types: Apical (height growth), Lateral (girth growth), and Intercalary (length growth in between nodes).
b. Xylem
Xylem is a vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant. It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. It provides structural support to plants.
c. Striated Muscles
Striated muscles, also called skeletal muscles, are attached to bones and help in movement. They have long fibers with light and dark bands. These muscles work under voluntary control and help in body movements.
d. Agro-Complementary Business
Agro-complementary businesses are agriculture-related businesses that help farmers earn extra income. These include dairy farming, poultry farming, fish farming, beekeeping, and food processing. They improve rural livelihoods and support the agricultural economy.
e. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the DNA of an organism to introduce desirable traits. It is used in medicine (gene therapy), agriculture (GMO crops like Bt cotton), and industry (insulin production). It helps improve crop yield, disease resistance, and food quality.
f. Sericulture
Sericulture is the rearing of silkworms for silk production. The most commonly used silkworm is Bombyx mori. Silk is used in textiles, and sericulture provides employment to many people, especially in rural areas.
6. Biotechnology and Its Impact on Agricultural Management
Biotechnology is the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to improve human life. In agriculture, biotechnology has led to the development of:
- Genetically Modified (GM) Crops – Crops like Bt cotton and Golden Rice have improved yield and resistance to pests.
- Tissue Culture – Produces disease-free, high-yield plants.
- Biofertilizers – Help improve soil fertility without harming the environment.
- Biopesticides – Natural pesticides that reduce chemical use.
Example: Bt cotton resists bollworm attack, reducing pesticide use and increasing cotton yield.
7. Two Main Techniques in Biotechnology and Their Importance
- Genetic Engineering – Modifies DNA to introduce desirable traits like pest resistance in crops.
- Tissue Culture – Grows new plants from a small tissue sample, producing disease-free, fast-growing plants.
These techniques help improve crop production, disease resistance, and food quality.
8. Agritourism and Project on a Nearby Agritourism Center
Agritourism means tourism in farms and rural areas where visitors learn about farming activities. It provides farmers extra income and promotes sustainable agriculture. Activities include:
- Farm visits
- Animal feeding
- Organic farming demonstrations
- Fruit and vegetable picking
9. Define Tissue and Explain Tissue Culture
Definition of Tissue:
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. In plants and animals, tissues are classified into different types, like epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues in animals, and meristematic and permanent tissues in plants.
Tissue Culture:
Tissue culture is a technique where new plants are grown from a small tissue sample in a laboratory under sterile conditions. This method is useful for producing disease-free, genetically identical plants quickly.
Example: Banana and orchid plants are commonly grown using tissue culture.